A bioaugmentation failure caused by phage infection and weak biofilm formation ability

Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. One of the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was not improved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remained stable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes and cultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainly due to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved di erently and an overgrowth of protozoa was observed in the bioaugmented BAF. Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the main reasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, grazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdown in bioaugmented BAF during day 9–18.     

Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas

The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Dursban(r)) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (STIUE) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban(r). The exposure of crabs to Dursban(r) (3.12 μg/L) showed a significant decrement of AChE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. meanas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous (OP) and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county, Taiwan

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基于灰色预测模型与一元线性回归模型的煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测比较

在介绍灰色预测模型和一元线性回归模型的基础上,结合某煤矿实际,采用两种模型对瓦斯涌出量进行了预测,并对两种模型的预测值进行比较,结果表明:对基本符合线性关系的数据,采用灰色GM(1,1)模型较一元线性回归模型的预测精度要高。     

乳状液膜分离法预处理垃圾渗滤液氨氮的试验研究

用span-80表面活性剂制作的乳状液处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮,考察了表面活性剂span-80用量、膜内相硫酸浓度、膜增强剂用量、油内比、乳水比、外相水pH值因素对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,用乳状液膜分离法预处理垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,分离速度快,处理效果达到87%以上。     

膜生物反应器处理技术的研究现状

膜生物反应器（Membrane Biological Reactor,MBR）是将膜分离技术与生物处理技术相结合形成的一种新型、高效的污水处理技术。通过论述膜生物反应器的种类、构造和特点等方面内容,以及国内外对膜生物反应器在污水处理技术方面和应用方面的现状及研究方向,重点解决工艺中存在的能耗高、膜的价格高、通量低、污染较快等缺点,膜生物处理技术在污水处理中必将得到更广泛的应用。     

温度对膜生物反应器运行特性及膜污染的影响

温度对膜生物反应器（MBR）污染物去除效果和膜污染速率都有很大的影响。采用两套相同的MBR蓑置在冬季运行,其中一套维持20℃的恒温,另一套水温与周围环境相同。对两套装置处理效果及膜污染速率进行对比,并通过反应器中溶解性微生物产物（SMF）、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量、污泥粒径分布扣膜面污染物的比较,分析温度对MBR运行的影响。研究结果表明膜对污染物的截留能有效补偿低温时微生物作用的不足,因此低温对出水水质并没有显著的影响。此外,低温时虽然SMP和EPS的释放增加,但并没有引起膜污来的加剧。相反地,低温时污泥粒径较高温时小,而粒径较大的颗粒更易沉积于膜表面,因此低温时膜面固体物质含量较低,膜污染速率反而比高温时低。     

唐海县咸(海)水入侵调查与防治方法探讨

随着高耗水农业的快速发展,城镇人口的急剧增加,加上持续的干旱,唐海县地下水长期处于超采状态,引起上覆咸水侵染地下淡水。分析1989—1998与2008年深层地下水氯离子浓度变化、1981—2007年咸水顶板埋深变化以及全县工农业布局,将唐海县划分为咸(海)水入侵的高度敏感区、较敏感区、一般敏感区和不敏感区,并进一步提出遏制咸(海)水入侵的措施。